Echocardiographic Insights into Cardiac Adaptations in Professional Scuba Divers

Abstract

Objectives: Scuba diving places the body under unique environmental stresses, including increased ambient pressure, which can influence cardiovascular function. Understanding echocardiographic parameters in professional scuba divers is essential to assess potential cardiac adaptations and long-term health risks associated with chronic exposure to diving. This study evaluates echocardiographic changes in professional divers compared to non-divers. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 20 professional scuba divers and 22 age-matched non-diver controls. Participants underwent detailed echocardiographic assessments, including measurements of left and right ventricular dimensions, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and maximum pulmonary velocity (PVmax). Results: Professional divers demonstrated significant echocardiographic differences compared to non-divers. LVMI was significantly higher in divers (84.8 ± 13.8 g/m² vs. 76.2 ± 10.6 g/m², p = 0.03), as was PVmax (1.05 ± 0.13 m/s vs. 0.97 ± 0.1 m/s, p = 0.025). Additionally, divers exhibited increased right ventricular dimensions and a greater prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation. However, left and right ventricular ejection fractions did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusion: Professional scuba divers exhibit distinct echocardiographic adaptations, particularly in the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation, likely resulting from chronic exposure to hyperbaric stress and pressure fluctuations. While these adaptations may be physiological, their potential long-term cardiovascular implications warrant further investigation. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to evaluate the progression of these changes and their clinical significance.